Mpox Virus

Understanding Mpox: A Comprehensive Guide to a Re-emerging Infectious Disease

What is Mpox?

Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is an infectious disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPV). It can cause a range of symptoms, including a painful rash, enlarged lymph nodes, and fever.

The MPV belongs to the family Poxviridae and the genus Orthopoxvirus, the same group of viruses that includes smallpox. However, mpox is generally less severe than smallpox and is not as easily transmitted.

Transmission of Mpox

Mpox is primarily transmitted through close contact with an infected person or animal. The virus can be spread through:

• Direct contact with the rash or bodily fluids of an infected person
• Contact with contaminated clothing or bed linens
• Inhalation of respiratory droplets from an infected person
• Bite or scratch from an infected animal (e.g., monkeys, squirrels)

Symptoms of Mpox

The incubation period for mpox is typically 6 to 13 days. Symptoms usually develop within 3 weeks of exposure and can last for 2 to 4 weeks.

Common symptoms of mpox include:

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Rash (often on the face, hands, and feet): The rash starts as small, flat, round lesions that progress to raised bumps, and eventually form pus-filled blisters that scab over

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Fever

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Chills

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Muscle aches

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Backache

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Swollen lymph nodes

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Headache

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Fatigue

Diagnosis and Treatment of Mpox

Mpox can be diagnosed based on the symptoms and a physical examination. Laboratory tests can also be used to confirm the diagnosis.

There is no specific cure for mpox, but treatment can help alleviate symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment may include:

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Supportive care (e.g., rest, fluids, pain relievers)

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Antiviral medications (e.g., tecovirimat)

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Vaccines

Prevention of Mpox

The following measures can help prevent mpox:

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Avoid close contact with infected people or animals

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Wash your hands frequently with soap and water

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Avoid touching your eyes, nose, or mouth

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Wear masks in public if you have symptoms

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Get vaccinated if you are at high risk

Current Outbreak and Vaccination

In 2022, an outbreak of mpox occurred in multiple countries outside of its endemic regions in Africa. As of August 2023, over 50,000 cases have been reported worldwide, primarily among men who have sex with men (MSM).

Vaccination is an important tool for preventing mpox. Two vaccines have been approved for use against mpox: ACAM2000 and JYNNEOS.

ACAM2000 is a live vaccine that provides long-lasting protection against mpox. However, it can cause serious side effects and is not recommended for people with weakened immune systems.

JYNNEOS is a non-replicating vaccine that is safe and effective for most people. It is recommended for people at high risk of mpox, including healthcare workers, laboratory workers, and people with weakened immune systems.